又至年关,又到了广大纳税者和加拿大税务局决战玄武门的季节。那些有着超过40%的边际税率的高收入者,满怀对税务局的刻骨仇恨,忽然在中文报纸发现这样诱人的广告,“投入1000元,退税高达2785元。合法可靠,退税成功率100%,备有国税局批文及市长贺信”。不知当时有多少人的心情象杨老先生看见翁小姐惊鸿一瞥的感觉:这真是上帝送给我的礼物!记得去年这时候“高额退税”广告也就那么零星一两个藏在报纸的角落里,今年好嘛,已经上了好几份报纸的封面。直觉告诉我,税务局和这些人清算的日子不远了。出来混,总是要还的。
(一)高额退税的操作方式
首先大家要清楚慈善组织(charity),经营慈善捐款的公司(promoter)和他们的分销商(fundraiser)的差别。购买者直接面对的都是经营慈善捐款的公司(promoter)的分销商Fundraiser。以在华人中很有份额的GLGI(promoter)为例,它有四个单位,ICAN(International Charity Association Network),Millennium Charitable Foundation,Global Learning Trust,Global Learning Group Inc来完成整个交易。有人会问,为什么搞这么复杂? 呵呵,耐心往下看就明白了。
首先,通过一个GLGI的Fundraiser,它会让你填一个表格申请成为Global Learning Trust的受益人(beneficiary),然后这个Trust会免费给你一套价值“5000元”的教育软件(例如:Microsoft Word 2000, Excel Access, Publisher)。然后它会指导你捐软件给ICAN,并捐现金给Millennium Charitable Foundation,随后购买者收到一个Millennium Charitable Foundation签署的1000元的慈善捐款收据及一个ICAN签发的 5000元的软件捐赠收据。
报税时,对于对ICAN的软件捐赠属于“disposition of personal property”, 如果有资本增值(capital gain),则捐赠人需要缴纳资本增值税。而由于捐赠人从Global Learning Trust拿软件的有效成本(Adjusted Cost Base)“$5,000”和捐赠时的市场价值(Fair Market value)是一样的,所以捐赠人不需纳资本增值税。这样退税额就是46.41%×6000=2785。(多么简单明了,举手之劳,1785元到手!)
第二个5000元稍微有点复杂,是利用信托(Trust)来运作。信托简单来讲,是一个用法律文件构建的虚拟体。你看不到它的实体存在,但信托在西方法律和税务上有极重要的作用。根据Canadian Trust Law, 一个信托必须有4个要素. 1) 财产(Property) 2) 设立者settler 3)财产托管人 (trustee) 4) 受益人( beneficiary)。因为信托只是在钱进来的时候付税,而钱出去时就不用纳税。所以购买者参与这个计划以后,首先填一个表成为一个独立信托的受益人(beneficiary),然后购买者就可以这个信托里免费拿到价值“5000元”的软件(gift-in-kind)捐赠给同一组织下的另一慈善组织,并拿到5000元收据。
不过在此告诉您你个坏消息:如果您被税务局逮到,您会损失多少?假设您2006年收入在$118,286以上,捐赠了1000元,弄到6000元的收据,拿到$2741 退税 (注意不是$2785,详见下文),这样您在2007年4月30日净得利润$1741($2,741-$1,000)。2010年4月30日您被税务局审计了,您要付出多少成本呢?首先是全部退回全部$2,741的退税,然后是50%的罚款1371元,最后是三年的利息(8%, compounded daily)成本,一共是$5,320,考虑先前回报1741元,最后您的损失是$5320-$1741=3579元, 是您高额退税额的206%, No Kidding。您急了,我还捐了1000大洋的现金呢!对不起,税务局不承认。你的实际捐赠,例如1000元,税务局只承认1%,也就是10元,因为你的实际捐赠确实只值那么多钱,其他都被公司利润,管理费,销售人员佣金所耗费。
友情提示:凡是高额退税的参与者,请用paper tax return,因为税务局肯定会要你寄收据。
(二)先指正高额退税广告的一个低级错误
可能大家都注意到高额退税广告中的数字”捐1000,退税2785“。这个数怎么来的呢?从销售者的解释中,因为购买者得到6000元的收据,假设购买者在最高税率档(安省46.41%),即收入超过 118,286(2006), 不买RRSP, 那么退税额:6000×46.41%=2,785。 稍有报税常识的人都知道,慈善捐款退税的头200元只有联邦和安省的最低档credit,分别是15.25%和6.05%,经计算,联邦tax credit是200×15.25%+(6000-200) ×29%=1712.5,安省tax credit是[200×6.05%+(6000-200) ×11.16%]×1.56(注:1.56系数是因为安省的surtax)=1028.6。所以实际退税:1712.5+1028.6=2,741。别小看这44块($2,785-$2,741)的差别,这是基本概念的问题。
还有一个问题请注意,如果您是参与的老掉牙的捐赠牙刷,办公用品等,您还要交capital gain tax。例如,1000元的原始成本,拿到6000元的收据,假设您的边际税率在40%,那么您还需要缴纳(6000-1000)×50%×40%=1000元的资本增值税,这样您的回报又大打折扣。
(三)让我们分析一下高额退税公司的细节
首先我们登陆GLGI的网站,会发现它的与众不同: 你是看不到任何联系人的。连它网站内的文件上竟然也没有电话传真号。更有意思的是介绍GLGI的CEO, 只是说the sole director of and offices of the administrator is one of Canada’s foremost experts on charitable and non-for-profit organizations….你竟然看不到他的名字。
有两个细节很有意思:
1. 在你成为Global Learning Trust的受益人(beneficiary)时,你并不需要交钱。为什么呢?因为税务局判定一个人是否是合格受益人的重要依据就是中间有没有金钱交易。如果有,则税务局有理由相信这个人加入信托(trust)有其他目的;
2.为什么GLGI强调软件是免费的呢?“The approved beneficiary assumes no financial obligation in receiving the courseware because the courseware is distributed free of debt or lien…”
因为税务局对有详细的规定,大家有兴趣对比一下。
Gifting trust arrangementsIn these arrangements, the investor becomes a beneficiary of a trust and receives property as a distribution from the trust. Often, but not always, the property has a lien attached. The investor then donates the property along with an amount of cash (to pay off the lien where applicable) to a registered charity and receives a donation receipt for the total of the cash and purported fair market value of the property. Typically, the total cash paid by the investor is about 30% of the amount on the donation receipt.The December 5, 2003 amendments provide that the donation amount on which the tax credit is based will be reduced by any “advantage” that is in any way related to the gift. It is the CRA’s position that the receipt of such property from the trust is such an advantage, and the donation amount will be reduced accordingly.
(四) 所谓打官司基金
首先问自己一个简单的问题,如果这类高额退税真如那些经销商(promoter)所说无风险有保障,那他们设立这个基金干吗?
这类公司都有所谓专门的打官司基金,可真事到临头,就完全不是那么回事。我有个朋友买高额退税被税务局查了后和经营高额退税的公司联系,该公司给他回了封信,原文如下
To date, we have used the XXXX legal defense fund to cover the costs of
(1) addressing the CRA’s initial requests for information and documentation regarding the donation program
(2) making submissions to the CRA to support our position that our clients are entitled to the tax credits they claimed, and
(3) communications with our clients and their financial planners regarding the status of the dispute.
……The XXXX legal defense fund is now fully depleted. As a result, purchasers who wish to dispute the CRA must now pay the cost of retaining professional tax litigations.
知道律师的费用吗?税务官司(tax litigation)每小时$450-600。
(五)来自税务局的警告Taxpayer Alert
Potential investors reminded to exercise caution with respect to certain donation arrangementsAs the calendar year end approaches, investors may see an increasing number of advertisements for tax shelter donation arrangements.The Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) reminds investors that the proposed legislative changes announced by the Department of Finance on December 5, 2003, to limit the tax benefits of charitable donations made under tax shelter and other arrangements, are in effect.Investors should be aware of the risks associated with participating in certain tax shelter donation arrangements, including gifting trust arrangements, leveraged cash donations, and buy-low, donate-high arrangements. The CRA previously alerted investors about these risks in November 2003 and again in November 2004, advising investors to take a number of precautions to protect their interests. A tax shelter number is used for identification purposes only and does not guarantee that taxpayers will receive the proposed tax benefits. It enables the CRA to identify all tax shelters and their investors. The CRA then reviews these tax shelters to ensure that the tax benefits being claimed meet the requirements of the Income Tax Act. Although most tax returns are assessed as filed, the CRA generally has three years from the date of assessment to reassess taxpayers. The fact that investors in some of these tax shelter donation arrangements have not been reassessed should not be interpreted as the CRA’s acceptance of the arrangement. Such audits may take more than one year to complete.The CRA recommends that anyone considering participating in tax shelter donation arrangements obtain independent legal and tax advice.
(六)为什么截至日期是10月31日
那为什么这些高额退税的截至日期是10月31日呢?因为税务局要求慈善组织每年必须用掉捐赠额的85%,这样经营慈善捐款的公司收了1000块现金,就必须花掉其中的1000×85%=$850。结果就是该公司利用十一月十二月这两个月shopping花钱来做帐呢!
经营高额退税的有很多会计师事务所。一般CGA,CMA,CA开的会计师事务所是不会为这点蝇头小利葬送自己的前程的。因为如果这些会计师被吊销了执照,他们一生的事业就完了。
(七)所谓国税据批文和市长贺信
那么退税广告的国税据批文有是怎么回事?税务局批文其实只是一个号码 ( tax shelter ID number)。税务局的网站(www.cra-arc.gc.ca)原文是这么说的:
A tax shelter number is used for identification purposes only and does not guarantee that taxpayers will receive the proposed tax benefits.
加拿大税务局由80,000个charity 注册在案,平均每400个加拿大人就有成立一个慈善组织。您知道最近有多少个charity被取消(revoke)了吗?1825个。这也是为什么经营慈善捐款的公司能存活几年的原因,赌税务局人手不够。
至于市长贺信,我不说大家也明白在加拿大这个地方,市长贺信是个什么东西。
(八)两个经典案例
在National Post的2005年11月26日的文章“Taxpayers denied ‘inflated valuations’”中提到一个高额退税的经典案例,Nash案。这起案子中,牵涉到三个人,分别是Caedmon Nash, Barbara Quinn and Susan Tolley。这三个人只是1,850名CVI Art Management(Promoter)购买者的代表。CVI Art Management向购买者销售限量版艺术品,帮助他们找到艺术品评估机构,并负责找能够开出捐款收据的慈善组织。Nash是B.C.省的一个警察,他以$8,667的价格购买了85件艺术品,两个月后,Nash把其中的84件捐给了美国密西根州的Ferris State大学(税务局允许的捐赠对象),并收到了$29,400的收据。Quinn花了$8,648元购买了48件艺术品捐给了In-Kind Canada并收到$25,280的收据。Tolly购买了100件艺术品收到$28,235的收据,并捐赠给了Fresno Pacific University。三人每人因此可得退税约$13,000。税务局裁定这三人的捐赠应该按市场价值(marker value)而不是经过某独立鉴定机构评估的价值($20,000)。代理Nash官司的律师事务所是Strikeman Elliot LLP Barristers & Solicitors。最开始,税务法庭(Tax Court of Canada)法官Mr. Justice Bell判决税务局败诉,但税务局随之上诉并赢得了联邦上诉法庭(Federal Court Appeal)的支持。联邦税务法庭首先质疑(经销商)Promoter为什么会以市场价格1/3的低价销售这些艺术品给三个人。联邦税务法庭认为税务法庭没有实施自己的判断,而完全依赖于艺术品评估机构的估价。联邦法庭在随后的解释中说:税务法庭(Tax Court)犯了的最重要且明显(palpable and overriding)的错误在于捐赠者得到3倍于实际捐赠额的收据却没有合理的解释(fair market value of property to be three times the amount paid for the property with no credible explanation.)
2006年4月,加拿大最高法庭(Supreme Court of Canada)拒绝聆讯该案,宣布了此案的终结。
加拿大实行的是英美法系,即判例法系,凡是有了先例,以后类似的案子就参照判决。所以此案可称为高额退税官司的里程碑。
另一起案例是Klotz案。Klotz和其他660个购买者购买了价值$300的艺术品,并得到$1000的收据。税务法官Associate Chief Justice Bowman判定这些人只能按照他们的购买价值来确定捐赠额。